閱讀理解Passage Eight

　　在現(xiàn)實(shí)學(xué)習(xí)生活中，大家都沒(méi)少背知識(shí)點(diǎn)吧？知識(shí)點(diǎn)也可以通俗的理解為重要的內(nèi)容。為了幫助大家更高效的學(xué)習(xí)，以下是小編精心整理的閱讀理解Passage Eight ，歡迎閱讀與收藏。

　　Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from invisible earnings to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.

　　It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.

　　In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I dont mean to minimize the vast extent of Greeces problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:

　　Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek governments red tape and shrewdness about small points.

　　拓展：職稱英語(yǔ)閱讀理解

　　Where Have All the Bees Gone? Scientists who study insects have a real mystery on their hands. All across the country, honeybees are leaving their hives and never returning. Researchers call this phenomenon colony-collapse1 disorder. According to surveys of beekeepers across the country, 25 to 40 percent of the honeybees in the United States have vanished from their hives since last fall. So far, no one can explain why. Now, a group of scientists and beekeepers have teamed up to try to figure out whats causing the alarming collapse of so many colonies. By sharing their expertise in honeybee behavior, health, and nutrition, team members hope to find out whats contributing to the decline and to prevent bee disappearances in the future. Another cause of colony-collapse disorder may be certain chemicals that farmers apply to kill unwanted insects on crops, says Jerry Hayes, chief bee inspector for the Florida Department of Agriculture3. Some studies, he says, suggest that a certain type of insecticide affects the honeybees nervous system and memory. It seems like honeybees are going out and getting confused about where to go and what to do, he says.

　　詞匯： hive n. 蜂巢; 蜂箱 digestive adj. 消化的 beekeeper n. 養(yǎng)蜂人 insecticide n. 殺蟲(chóng)劑 注釋?zhuān)?2.the United States Department of Agriculture Bee Research Laboratory：美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部蜜蜂研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

　　練習(xí)：

　　A) Honeybees are flying all across the country.

　　C) Honeybees are leaving their hives and do not return.

　　2. Why are researchers seriously concerned with the phenomenon of colony-collapse disorder? A) Worsening environment.

　　B) Because honeybees feed on flowers.

　　C) Dwindling number of flowers around.

　　D) Both B and C.

　　科技類(lèi)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解

　　A blue dress divided the Internet----and put the science of visual perception in the spotlight.

　　I ①The influence on science and the arts of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe----poet,playwright, novelist, proto-scientist, philosopher and general all-round egghead----is profound. ②His view about the physiological nature of colors, however, have never really caught on, in part because he proposed that colors are more an invention of the mind than a physical reality. ③One thing, however, rings true: the appearance of objects is not objective, but a conversation between the observer and observed.

　　II ①Neuroscientists have long recognized that the perception of color and shade depends strongly on context. ②Illusions exist, for example, in which one can be utterly convinced that black is white, depending on the surrounding patterns or the conditions in which an object is lit. ③But it is also true that all other things being equal, the perception of color differs between people.

　　III ①One editor of this journal, for example, once owned a car that was, in his opinion, quite clearly green. ②It remained green in all conceivable circumstances of context, shade and illumination other than complete darkness. ③Except, however, that everyone else was equally convinced that it was blue----including the vehicle-licensing authority. ④The car was not only blue----it was officially blue.

　　IV ①Recently, the Internet was deluged with strongly held opinion about color, specifically of a dress. ②The dress was advertised as being blue and black. ③But if illuminated in a certain way, the dress appeared white and gold. ④People were absolutely convinced of its color combination, one way or the other. ⑤The web exploded with chromatic debate after various celebrities bruited their opinions on Twitter. ⑥A straw poll of Nature’s editors (including the owner of the blue car) was roughly split down the middle, and convictions were strong----one way or the other.

　　V ①The explanation for the illusion lies in the color of the light in which the dress was photographed. ②The brain of people who read the overall ambience as too blue willovercompensate, seeing the dress as white and gold. ③Others, whose visual systems read that the lighting was not blue enough, saw the dress as blue and black.

　　VI①Wired magazine hosted a full discussion on the effect, and the consternation in that publication’s office seemed to reflect the brouhaha that briefly reigned in the otherwise serene halls of Nature. ②(The wheels of this international weekly journal of science briefly ground to a halt as so:” I can’t read any more manuscripts until I find out WHY? ”)

　　VII ①On being told of the illusion, some people—but not all—could just about force themselves to see the dress as black and blue rather than white and gold. ②The picture is a clear demonstration that color perception varies between individuals, and according to the conditions of illumination. ③Such perception is distinct from the genetic conditions that predispose people to the various syndromes known as color blindness.

　　VIII ①Had the ghost of Goethe been watching ‘dressgate’, he might have allowed himself a rueful smile, given the brickbats thrown in his direction by his scientific critics even in his own time, who, he said, “forgot that science arose from poetry, and did not see that when times change the tow can meet again on a higher level as friends.”

　　【翻譯】

　　色調(diào)與喊聲

　　一件藍(lán)色的裙子將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)分為兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)，視覺(jué)感知成為了人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

　　作為一個(gè)詩(shī)人、劇作家、小說(shuō)家、哥德對(duì)科學(xué)和藝術(shù)的影響是很深刻的。他關(guān)于顏色的生理屬性的觀點(diǎn)卻從來(lái)沒(méi)有引起注意，一部分是因?yàn)樗�提出，顏色是思維干預(yù)的結(jié)果，而不是客觀的現(xiàn)實(shí)。其中一件事情聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是真的：物體的外表并不是客觀的，而是觀察者和被觀察物對(duì)話的結(jié)果。

　　神經(jīng)科學(xué)家很久以前就意識(shí)到，對(duì)顏色和濃淡的感知取決于背景�；糜X(jué)會(huì)存在，例如，當(dāng)一個(gè)人完全確信黑就是白時(shí)，依據(jù)的是物體身處其中的環(huán)境模式或者條件。但是，事實(shí)是，當(dāng)其他條件都相同時(shí)，對(duì)顏色的感知仍會(huì)因人而異。

　　例如，這本期刊的一位編輯曾經(jīng)擁有一部他認(rèn)為是綠色的車(chē)。它在所有可以設(shè)想的場(chǎng)合里都是綠的，不管是在陰影中、光亮下或者完全黑暗里。除了一種情況：其他的每個(gè)人都確信這是藍(lán)色的車(chē)——包括車(chē)輛執(zhí)照當(dāng)局。這輛車(chē)不僅僅是藍(lán)色的---它被官方承認(rèn)是藍(lán)色的。

　　最近，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到處都是堅(jiān)定的關(guān)于顏色的意見(jiàn)，具體來(lái)說(shuō)是關(guān)于一件裙子的。這件裙子被宣揚(yáng)為藍(lán)黑色的，但如果以某種方式用燈照亮，裙子似乎是白色和金色的。人們都非常確信它的顏色搭配，不管是哪一派。網(wǎng)上辯論激烈，特別是在各色名人在上傳播他們的觀點(diǎn)之后。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于《自然》編輯的民意調(diào)查（包括那位藍(lán)車(chē)車(chē)主）顯示支持傾向?yàn)橐话胍话耄�不管是哪一派的，他們都�?duì)自己那方深信不疑。

　　對(duì)這一錯(cuò)覺(jué)的解釋關(guān)鍵在于裙子被拍攝時(shí)燈光的顏色上。人們的大腦在讀取綜合的氛圍格調(diào)時(shí)，如果覺(jué)得太藍(lán)會(huì)矯枉過(guò)正，將裙子看做白色和金色。其他人，他們的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)讀取燈光不夠藍(lán)，看到的裙子就會(huì)是藍(lán)色和黑色的。

　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)雜志主持了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于這個(gè)效果的討論，在出版社辦公室的驚恐似乎反映了《自然》走廊里的喧嘩，在其他時(shí)候這個(gè)辦公室都是一片寧?kù)o的。（這個(gè)國(guó)際性科學(xué)周刊頓時(shí)停工，有人喊道：“在我弄清楚為什么之前我再也讀不進(jìn)任何稿件了�！保�

　　被告知這個(gè)幻覺(jué)以后，部分的人——并不是全體，會(huì)強(qiáng)迫自己去把裙子看做藍(lán)色黑色而不是白色和金色。這個(gè)圖片清晰地展示顏色感知會(huì)因人而異，并且因照明條件而異。這種感知與另一種基因條件截然不同，那被認(rèn)為是色盲——容易誘發(fā)人們各種綜合癥。

　　如果歌德的靈魂也在關(guān)注“裙子事件”，他也許會(huì)露出沮喪的笑容，在他的年代，他因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)見(jiàn)解使得自己面對(duì)公眾的辱罵。他說(shuō)過(guò)：“忘記科學(xué)由詩(shī)歌激發(fā)而產(chǎn)生，看不到這一切，當(dāng)時(shí)間變化，他們能在更高的層次成為朋友。”

　　【詞匯短語(yǔ)】

　　1. *ambience n. 氣氛，布景；周?chē)�環(huán)境

　　2. *brickbat 碎磚；磚片；批評(píng)的話；不遜之言

　　3. *be deluged with v. 涌來(lái)，充滿

　　4. *brouhaha n. （法）吵鬧；騷動(dòng)

　　5. *bruit vt. 散播

　　6. *chromatic a. 彩色的；色品的；易染色的

　　7. *consternation n. 驚愕；驚惶失措；恐怖

　　8. *egghead n.受過(guò)高等教育的人

　　9. illuminate n. 照亮，照明；用燈光裝飾

　　10. illusion n.幻想，錯(cuò)誤的觀念；錯(cuò)覺(jué)，幻覺(jué)，假象

　　11. *neuroscientist n. 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家

　　12. *overcompensate v. 過(guò)度補(bǔ)償

　　13. physiological a.生理學(xué)的, 生理學(xué)上的

　　14. *playwright n. 劇作家

　　15. *predispose v. 使…偏向于

　　16. *proto-scientist n.科學(xué)的雛形

　　17. reign v.統(tǒng)治,支配,盛行

　　18. ring true v.聽(tīng)起來(lái)是真的

　　19. *rueful a. 可憐的；悲傷的；悔恨的

　�。ㄗⅲ簶�(biāo)*的為超綱詞）

　　【點(diǎn)評(píng)】

　　本文以前段時(shí)間引起熱議的“裙子是藍(lán)黑還是白金”事件引出話題，討論背后的色彩感知機(jī)制。文章援引的例子貫通古今，論證充分。

　　段I先借歌德的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)：關(guān)于顏色的生理學(xué)特性，為后文討論顏色的生成機(jī)制引出話題。句①先指出歌德的多重身份：劇作家、哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家。句②引出歌德對(duì)顏色的生成機(jī)制的看法，歌德認(rèn)為，顏色的產(chǎn)生并不完全由現(xiàn)實(shí)決定，更多是思維的結(jié)果，但是這一看法并未引起當(dāng)時(shí)人們的注意�！癶ave never really caught on”形容當(dāng)時(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)的冷遇，與前文提到的歌德的多重身份形成對(duì)比。句③進(jìn)而聚焦于觀點(diǎn)本身的闡述：物體的外表模樣并不是客觀的，而是觀察者和被觀察物交流的結(jié)果。句③既是對(duì)歌德觀點(diǎn)的提煉，又為下文對(duì)主題的討論埋下伏筆，起承上啟下的作用。

　　段II通過(guò)援引精神科學(xué)家對(duì)色彩感知機(jī)制的研究結(jié)果證明己方觀點(diǎn)。都是作為研究成果，段I與段II一古一今，相得益彰。句①總起全段，指出精神科學(xué)家早已意識(shí)到對(duì)色彩的感知依賴環(huán)境。句②進(jìn)一步闡述這種環(huán)境在色彩辨認(rèn)過(guò)程中的的作用之大，可以讓人把白色辨認(rèn)為黑色。“depend on”指“取決于”，強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境在這一過(guò)程中扮演的角色非常重要。句③指出讓色彩感知產(chǎn)生差異的另一種情況：即使一切外部條件都是一致的，感知過(guò)程與結(jié)果也會(huì)因人而異。這個(gè)句子為段III 要闡釋說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容埋下伏筆。

　　段III 援引作者身邊的實(shí)例，證明段II句③的內(nèi)容：一位編輯擁有一輛無(wú)論在什么情況下，在他眼里都是綠色的車(chē)，然而，在其他人眼里，這輛車(chē)始終是藍(lán)色的，包括車(chē)管所的工作人員也這么認(rèn)為�！皊hade””illumination”和“complete darkness”分別指光線分布有異的三種情況：陰影下、光亮下、黑暗中，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)外部條件的變化對(duì)個(gè)人視覺(jué)感知的影響效果甚微，反而是個(gè)人自身的感知決定了看到物體的顏色。呼應(yīng)段II句③的觀點(diǎn)。

　　段IV引出全文中心事件：裙子是藍(lán)黑的還是白金的？句①用詞組“be deluged with”形容評(píng)論如潮，反映此事件在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上影響之廣泛。句②、③就事件進(jìn)行陳述：一件被宣揚(yáng)是藍(lán)底黑邊的裙子，在光線變化時(shí)會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出白色和金色。④、⑤、⑥句聚焦于人們對(duì)這件事的反映：大家都確信自己看到的才是裙子真正的顏色�；ヂ�(lián)網(wǎng)上關(guān)于裙子顏色的討論如火如荼，而名人在網(wǎng)上對(duì)此事件的評(píng)論讓事情傳播得更為迅速。句⑥又回到《自然》編輯部本身：編輯們對(duì)此對(duì)半分派，但大家都對(duì)自己的結(jié)果深信不疑。

　　段V著力于解釋事情背后的機(jī)制。句①總起全段，指出解釋的關(guān)鍵在于裙子被拍攝時(shí)的光線狀況。句②進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)喝绻�人腦在讀取光線的時(shí)候認(rèn)為太藍(lán)，會(huì)自動(dòng)矯正調(diào)整顏色。調(diào)整的結(jié)果就是把藍(lán)黑色看成了白金色。句③則對(duì)同一場(chǎng)合的另外一種情況進(jìn)行解釋。

　　段VI集中討論裙子事件在雜志社內(nèi)部引起的反響。段VII強(qiáng)調(diào)這種對(duì)色覺(jué)的感知是可以通過(guò)人腦進(jìn)行干預(yù)直接影響結(jié)果的。句①首先說(shuō)，部分了解這個(gè)機(jī)制的人可以自如使自己將裙子看成想要的顏色。句②進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，在同等光線條件下人腦運(yùn)行的差異。與段II句③的觀點(diǎn)呼應(yīng)。句③則指出，這不是人們認(rèn)知意義上的色盲。

　　段VIII重新回到歌德的例子，援引他的話對(duì)科學(xué)與藝術(shù)關(guān)系進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。與首段暗合，首尾呼應(yīng)，使得全文的論述形成環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

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